Aims : The session will provide an updated overview of the main achievements of the basic research on pleural empyema that are relevant for clinicians. In particular, the key benefits of the modern therapeutic procedures for pleural empyema, which are largely based on video-assisted technology (VAT), will be described. The take-home message will be that depending on the disease stage, optimal engagement between pulmonologists and surgeons is essential. The main pitfalls that relate to this disease will also be presented to facilitate recognition of the underlying diseases, as those diseases may not always be obvious at first.