Aims : Attendees will gain new insights in the physiological mechanisms by which protective/ultra-protective ventilation and support on CO2 washout promote the outcomes of critically ill respiratory patients who are being treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) devices. Attendees will also be updated on the clinical applications of high-flow (i.e., ECMO) and low-flow (i.e., extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal [ECCO2R]) devices in severe hypoxaemic and hypercapnic respiratory failure.