Aims : to summarise the current knowledge of early recognition and effective hypoventilation treatment using various currently available treatment modalities with the scope to improve patient-centred outcomes; different clinical phenotypes of Central sleep apnoea (CSA) in heart failure (HF) patients, their correlation with prognosis and their relevance for identifying individualised therapeutic strategies to improve morbidity, mortality and patient-centred outcomes; early recognition and effective preoperative and postoperative management of patients with sleep-disordered breathing and use of anaesthetics to improve patient safety and outcomes of surgery; and various types of sleep diagnostic tests (type I–IV), their use depending on the patient’s profile and their strengths and limitations.